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TIME: Almanac 1993
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TIME Almanac 1993.iso
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04038900.062
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1992-09-23
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MEDICINE, Page 71One Womb to Another
A historic fetal-cell transplant may have saved a boy's life
The French parents were distraught and desperate. Soon
after their firstborn child died at seven months of a rare form
of immune deficiency, they received more heartbreaking news.
Their second baby, due in August of last year, was suffering
from the same, nearly always fatal hereditary disorder, called
bare lymphocyte syndrome. They could have aborted the child or
allowed doctors to try the same kind of white-blood-cell
transplant after birth that had failed with their firstborn. But
the couple, who prefer to remain anonymous, chose a historic
third option: to let their child receive the first ever
transplant of human fetal cells to a child in the womb.
The experiment took place without publicity last June, and
was only recently described at a medical meeting in Paris. The
operation was performed when the child, David, was a
30-week-old fetus. So far, the results have been remarkable.
Though he has been confined since birth to a germ-free flexible
plastic bubble in order to protect him from the outside world,
David, now seven months old, appears to have an immune system
that is on the mend. If all goes well, David could leave his
sterile prison by summer's end. Though his survival is not
assured, the experiment could help researchers develop ways to
correct other inherited, and congenital, disorders through the
transplantation of fetal cells.
The unprecedented procedure was performed by two prominent
physicians in Lyons: Dr. Jean-Louis Touraine, an immunologist
at Edouard-Herriot Hospital, and Dr. Daniel Raudrant, an
obstetrician at Hotel Dieu Hospital. The doctors wanted to treat
David while he was still in his mother's womb because they
thought if the procedure was done early, it would have better
odds of succeeding. They took 7 cc of liquid, containing about
16 million immune cells from the liver and thymus of two aborted
fetuses, and injected the material into David's umbilical cord.
After he was born, David received an injection of more cells.
Blood tests indicate that the transplanted cells have multiplied
in David's liver, spleen and bone marrow -- signs that his
immune system may become normal.
His doctors remain cautious. "We're not out of the woods
yet," said Raudrant. But the boy at least has a chance at a
better fate than another immune-deficient David: the American
"bubble boy" who spent nearly all his twelve years of life in
isolation before he died in Houston in 1984.
The use of aborted fetuses for medical purposes is a
promising but highly controversial field. Doctors have
transplanted fetal organs into infants and used fetal cells to
treat Parkinson's disease in adults. Right-to-life advocates
object strongly to such procedures unless the fetus comes from
a mother who has had a miscarriage. But to David's parents, the
issue was clear-cut: only aborted fetuses were available, and
without the transplanted cells their boy would have had
virtually no chance of survival.